Saturday, June 30, 2012

Is China really the world's top economy? Much of the world thinks so

But much of the world would be wrong, according to recent study. China still lags far behind the US in GDP and personal wealth.?

By Peter Ford,?Staff writer / June 14, 2012

Newly constructed residential buildings (back) are seen next to a construction site in Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China, in this May 25 file picture.

Rooney Chen/REUTERS/File

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For the first time, more people around the globe think that China, not America, is the world?s biggest economic power.

Skip to next paragraph Peter Ford

Beijing Bureau Chief

Peter Ford is The Christian Science Monitor?s Beijing Bureau Chief. He covers news and features throughout China and also makes reporting trips to Japan and the Korean peninsula.

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They are wrong, of course, at least for the time being. America?s economy is much larger than China?s however you measure it, and when it comes to personal wealth, there is no contest.

But a recent 21-country survey by the Pew Research Center offers a snapshot of global perceptions of power, and the results are sobering for the United States.

World's top 5 economies. Where is China?

Americans themselves are almost evenly split over who they perceive to be the premier global economic heavyweight: 40 percent say the US, 41 percent say China. (Interestingly, the Chinese have no such illusions about themselves ? they put America ahead by a margin of 48 to 29.)

Europeans seem most overawed by the China hype, with 62 percent of Germans putting China at the top of the heap, compared with just 13 percent who still see America as the world?s top economic power. In Britain the split is 58-28, in Spain it?s 57-26.?

Worldwide, 42 percent of respondents put China ahead of America; 36 percent perceived it the other way around.

That 42 percent of respondents are off the mark. There are different ways to measure the size of a national economy, but even using the system most generous to the Chinese, called Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), the US economy was nearly half as big again as its nearest rival, the Chinese one, in 2010, according to the IMF. US Gross Domestic Product weighed in at $14.5 trillion against China?s $10.1 trillion, according to the September 2011 IMF report.?

If you go by straightforward GDP, America?s economy is two-and-a-half times as big as China?s according to the World Bank. And if you compare personal wealth, well, there is no comparison.

America?s per capita GDP came in at nearly $50,000 last year, while China?s was just over $8,000 at the most generous estimate ? about the same as Ecuador and Belize.

Of course you could use other criteria than mere size to judge which nation is the world?s leading economic power; innovation, for example.

But China still lags well behind the US in that field too. And when it comes to how much each country has invested abroad, Americans account for 20 percent of global foreign direct investment and the Chinese for only about 1.5 percent.

When it comes to energy, dynamism, and growth potential, the Chinese do look more impressive. And, of course, China?s population is five times bigger than America?s. At current growth rates, China probably will have the biggest economy in the world (measured on the basis of PPP) within 15 years.

But it hasn?t happened yet, whatever people around the world may believe.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/csmonitor/globalnews/~3/alYI2oPKkMI/Is-China-really-the-world-s-top-economy-Much-of-the-world-thinks-so

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ForexTVConnect: European Union Leaders Agree On Bank Recapitalization Plan - June 28 12 11:26 EDT http://t.co/fRllswiK via @ForexTVConnect

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Source: http://twitter.com/ForexTVConnect/statuses/218546304190660608

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Plane hijacking foiled in restive western China

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/plane-hijacking-foiled-restive-western-china-103427114.html

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Friday, June 29, 2012

Hamas presents Israel 'collaborators' in video

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/hamas-presents-israel-collaborators-video-223804478.html

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Exploring Windows 8: What We Learned at TechEd Europe


ITProPortal has just returned from Amsterdam, having attended TechEd Europe 2012 events and Microsoft's Exploring Windows 8 workshop. We are now in the process of conducting independent testing and composing reviews on selected aspects of the next generation OS, so stay tuned.

Until then, we offer you a run-down of the five things that stood out most yesterday - for more, make sure to check out our in-depth reflections on Wednesday's events.

It's Fast

Some of yesterday's demos might have seemed a bit reductionist ? I now know half a dozen optimised ways to run my finger across a touch-screen - but the one illustrating Windows 8's boot time was genuinely eye-catching. Eight seconds from cold to start screen is immensely impressive, especially considering the task was completed on a notebook device running an old generation Sandy Bridge processor. Sure, I heard "fast and fluid" uttered one too many times for my liking - but in this case it's a spot on assessment.

Lucky Charms

It might take a while for the name to catch on, but the Charm Bar nevertheless looks like a significant improvement over the traditional Start menu. Like the replacement of folders with app groups on the main UI, Microsoft's stripped down approach is beneficial from organisational and access perspectives. Crucially, Charm Bar foregrounds Device management: cross-device connectivity is one of Windows 8's main selling points and this makes it easier than ever to project media externally via an Xbox or power up a multi-monitor work station. The Share function is also attractive.

Enterprise Features Aren't Just Lip Service

Many of the important UI changes offered by Windows 8 are noticeably pitched at the consumer market, yet the refreshed software's enterprise package is also attention grabbing. Windows Store makes downloading custom-built, Metro-style business apps a mere formality, with programs for expense management and project approval among those currently knocking about on the Release Preview. But perhaps most significantly, Secure Boot?puts into place the kind of architectually neutral platform necessary to combat new generation malware, with the public key infrastructure allowing firmware images to validate prior to execution.?

This Time, It's Personal?

Responding to user feedback, Microsoft's latest OS has more scope for customisation than ever.?Some personalisation features are nice but relatively trivial, like the ability to set different wallpaper images on multi-monitor set ups. Others, by way of contrast, are hugely relevant: users can create app-based relationships linking their files to relevant services for easy sharing and uploading, meaning Word documents can be automatically associated with native cloud service SkyDrive in the workplace, and images with?Facebook at home.

Hybrids Are The Future

Not specifically Windows 8 related, but it's something I found myself thinking time and again over the last couple of days. More than that, it's a development that the latest Microsoft computing eco-system will complement beautifully.?Tablets may be predominantly entertainment and convenience-led devices at the moment - not to mention what my mum uses because she can't get her head around full-on computing - but the reality is changing fast and the new generation of slate/notebook hybrids merge consumer and enterprise worlds in an empowering manner. Just like the OS itself, come to think of it.

Source: http://feeds.itproportal.com/~r/itproportal/rss/~3/3h8VKyckpnY/

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Fast work... London Grand Prix bid launches with a star-studded party

Those in attendance included racing superstars such as Lewis Hamilton and Jenson Button, as well as famous faces such as Phillip Schofield and Rio Ferdinand.

Mr Ecclestone has offered to put up ?35?million to stage the race on a 3.2-mile circuit around landmarks including Buckingham Palace and Trafalgar Square.

A spokesman for the Mayor said: ?London hosts a vast array of world events and the Mayor is always keen to explore new opportunities to do so, especially if they will create jobs, bring investment and further London?s lead as a world city but we have as yet not received proposals.?

Experts believe the race, watched by 120,000 fans in grandstands, could generate ?100?million for the London economy. Mr Ecclestone said: ?It would be? fantastic ? good for London, good for England ? a lot better than the Olympics.?

Source: http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/fast-work-london-grand-prix-bid-launches-with-a-starstudded-party-7898900.html

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South Lebanon sit-in demands Hezbollah disarm

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/south-lebanon-sit-demands-hezbollah-disarm-172924249.html

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House moving ahead with plans for contempt vote

WASHINGTON (AP) ? The Obama administration and House Republicans refused to find a middle ground in a dispute over documents related to a botched gun-tracking operation, and the GOP plunged ahead with plans for precedent-setting votes Thursday to hold Attorney General Eric Holder in civil and criminal contempt of Congress.

The votes are expected hours after the Supreme Court will capture the nation's attention with its ruling on the legality of President Barack Obama's health care law. Even without that diversion, the contempt issue throws both parties temporarily off-track in their efforts to focus on the economy in an election year.

There's little question that Republicans will get the votes they need, not only from their own majority but from Democrats aligned with the National Rifle Association ? which has said it's keeping score. The NRA has said it believes the administration was using the flawed Operation Fast and Furious to make the case for more gun control.

Rep. John Dingell, D-Mich., the longest serving House member and normally an NRA supporter, said Wednesday he would not back the contempt resolutions but instead wants the Oversight and Government Reform Committee to conduct a more thorough investigation.

The criminal contempt resolution would send the matter to the U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia, who is under Holder. The civil contempt resolution would allow the House to go to court in an effort to force Holder to turn over documents the Oversight committee wants. In past cases, courts have been reluctant to settle disputes between the executive and legislative branches of government.

The House is unlikely to get the documents anytime soon, because President Barack Obama has invoked a broad form of executive privilege, which protects from disclosure internal documents in executive branch agencies.

In nearly three hours of arguments before the House Rules Committee on Wednesday, Republicans and Democrats squared off with oft-repeated arguments that have turned a major constitutional issue into a political food fight.

Rep. Darrell Issa, R-Calif., and chairman of the Oversight panel, told the Rules Committee that the documents sought were essential to learn who in the administration produced a February, 2011 letter denying that Operation Fast and Furious allowed guns to "walk" from Arizona to Mexico. The Justice Department has already given Issa's committee 7,600 pages on the operation itself. The documents now sought covered a period after the operation was shut down.

Referring to Justice Department officials, he asked, "When did they know we were lied to and what did they do about it?" It took 10 months before the administration acknowledged the false information. Issa said he had no evidence that Holder knew of the gun-walking tactics.

Issa also said closure is needed for the family of a U.S. border agent, Brian Terry, who was killed in a firefight with Mexican bandits in 2010. Two guns from Fast and Furious were found at the scene.

The ranking Democrat on Issa's committee, Rep. Elijah Cummings of Maryland, countered, "Why are we rushing" toward the first-ever vote to hold a sitting attorney general in contempt? He said he was certain that the dispute could be worked out.

"It has all the trappings of a witch hunt," said Rep. Louise Slaughter of New York, the ranking Democrat on the Rules Committee. She also said, "I don't think there's any way we're doing justice to Brian Terry with what we're doing today."

White House spokesman Jay Carney said Wednesday that the public would view the vote as "political theater" and "gamesmanship."

Carney said the Justice Department and the White House on Tuesday had shown House Republicans a representative sample of the documents they were seeking. He said the administration's offer would have provided "unprecedented access" to internal communications about how it responded to congressional inquiries into the Fast and Furious program.

Ironically, the documents at the heart of the current argument are not directly related to the workings of Operation Fast and Furious, which allowed guns to "walk" from Arizona to Mexico in hopes they could be tracked. The department has given Issa 7,600 documents on the operation.

Rather, Issa wants internal communications from February 2011, when the administration denied knowledge of gun-walking, to the end of that year, when officials acknowledged the denial was erroneous. Those documents covered a period after Fast and Furious had been shut down.

In Fast and Furious, agents of the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives in Arizona abandoned the agency's usual practice of intercepting all weapons they believed to be illicitly purchased. Instead, the goal of gun-walking was to track such weapons to high-level arms traffickers who long had eluded prosecution and to dismantle their networks.

Gun-walking long has been barred by Justice Department policy, but federal agents in Arizona experimented with it in at least two investigations during the George W. Bush administration before Fast and Furious. The agents in Arizona lost track of several hundred weapons in the operation.

___

Associated Press writer Laurie Kellman contributed to this report.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/house-moving-ahead-plans-contempt-vote-225215889.html

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Recon Instruments defrosts its Android SDK at Google I/O (video)

Recon Instruments defrosts its Android SDK at Google IO video

Ski season (in the northern hemisphere at least) was in full swing when Recon Instruments announced that it'd be providing developers with an Android SDK for its HUD alpine goggles. Now, most of that snow may have melted, but the SDK is finally a cold, hard reality. Made available to the developing masses at Google I/O this week, frosty-fingered devs can use the tool to hook-in to Recon's visual display tools, including its MOD Live series. Given that this opens up the goggles' altimeter, barometer, accelerometer, gyro and magnetometer and temperature reader, that's a lot of detail to tuck into. Itching to get that downhill leaderboard app going? Slide on over to the source for the details.

Continue reading Recon Instruments defrosts its Android SDK at Google I/O (video)

Recon Instruments defrosts its Android SDK at Google I/O (video) originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 28 Jun 2012 16:23:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/3CEgzW_F0ho/

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Israel accuses Iran of anti-Semitism after drug speech

JERUSALEM (Reuters) - Iranian allegations that Zionists were inciting drug trafficking and Jewish religious law called for annihilation of gentiles prompted a sharp response from Israel on Wednesday which said Iran was governed by fanatical anti-Semites.

The verbal clash highlighted festering tension in an international stand-off over Tehran's nuclear program.

A third round of nuclear talks between world powers and Iran 10 days ago failed to resolve the stalemate. With that process seemingly close to collapse, Israel renewed veiled threats of military action against Iranian nuclear production sites, which it deems a mortal threat.

While Iran and Israel have traded hostile rhetoric for years, the remarks at a United Nations global drug enforcement conference in Tehran by Vice President Mohammad Reza Rahimi seemed unusually inflammatory to Western delegates.

Speaking on Tuesday, Rahimi said the Talmud, or canon of Jewish religious law, "teaches them how to destroy non-Jews so as to protect an embryo in the womb of a Jewish mother", according to excerpts published by the Fars news agency.

He accused "Zionists", a term the Iranian government usually applies to Israelis and their Jewish supporters abroad, of inciting drug trafficking. "You cannot find a single addict among the Zionists," Rahimi said.

The New York Times, which covered the conference marking a U.N.-sponsored International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking, further quoted Rahimi as saying Zionists ordered gynecologists to kill black babies and that the Russian Revolution of 1917 was started by Jews - although none, he was also quoted as saying, died in it.

The speech, for which at least 10 Western diplomats were present, drew furious condemnation from Israel, which has been angered in the past by Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's description of the Nazi Holocaust as a lie.

"The fact U.N. representatives and European delegates still attend conferences in Tehran, at which the worst kind of anti-Semitism is sounded, lends legitimacy to the Iranian ayatollah regime," Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman said.

AGENDA

Iran's government, he said in a statement, is "made up not of madmen but of fanatical, anti-Semitic people with an agenda, who have a detailed global plan including, as they say openly and forthrightly, the destruction of the State of Israel".

Widely assumed to have the Middle East's only nuclear arsenal, Israel has hinted at pre-emptive war to prevent its arch-enemy from getting the atom bomb. Iran denies having any such designs, though its often secretive nuclear program has stoked foreign suspicion and drawn increasingly tough sanctions.

Lieberman likened Iran to Hitler's Germany but said that, post-Holocaust, Israel would "not allow any Jew to be harmed".

He said the Islamic Republic, and any failure by the international community to curb its nuclear work, would be "a sure recipe for disaster and a threat to world peace".

The European Union's foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton, who leads nuclear talks with Iran on behalf of six world powers, said Rahimi's speech was anti-Semitic and "unacceptable".

"(Ashton) is deeply disturbed by racist and anti-Semitic statements made by Iranian First Vice-President Mohammad Reza Rahimi," spokeswoman Maja Kocijanic said.

"Such statements are unacceptable and should not be tolerated," she said.

A Western diplomat who was at the conference said Rahimi's 10-minute address left him "really shocked and surprised".

"We've heard speeches like this before but this was so much worse than the usual rhetoric. This wasn't about drugs. It seems the Iranians want to create an issue and are deliberately looking to stir things up," the diplomat told Reuters on condition of anonymity.

Israel reacted to the latest fruitless nuclear talks between six world powers and Iran with a well-seasoned message - sanctions must be intensified while the clocks ticks down towards possible military action.

A high-ranking Iranian general then warned that any Israeli military strikes on Iran's nuclear program would bring about the collapse of the Jewish state.

No further negotiations were planned after the June 18-19 round in Moscow, and the European Union is to launch a total embargo on Iranian oil exports on July 1.

Alun Jones, spokesman for the Vienna-based United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, said UNODC attended the Tehran conference as well as related events across the world on Tuesday, as mandated by the U.N. General Assembly, and that it could not anticipate what the Iranian hosts would say.

Jones added: "The drug trade is motivated by business and profit, not by ideological considerations, and also drug addiction is a health challenge which affects all people, of all kinds, of all race, of all creed and it is a health challenge that affects people in the same way."

(Additional reporting by Marcus George in Dubai, Fredrik Dahl in Vienna and Justyna Pawlak in Brussels; Editing by Jeffrey Heller and Mark Heinrich)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/israel-accuses-iran-anti-semitism-drug-speech-172055565.html

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Players wanted for a Literate X-Men Roleplay

Link to the Roleplay

Props to Beta and Hillan of Roleplayguild.com for the fanfic storyline.

In the year 2011, All hell broke loose. The Anti-Mutant campaigns got a upswing, and the harassment of the mutants became an everyday thing. First, the mutants were just bullied in the streets, then it got really violent. By the middle of 2012, a war broke out. A war so feisty that something like it had not been seen since the World Wars.

The world has been taken apart, the United States are still fighting their war on the Mutants, allying with several of the United Nations. It's chaos all over the globe. The United Offensive ( As the new Government calls itself) have pushed down most civil-rights, you can't speak up against them, or you'll get put in prison or worse. The Fantastic Four have vanished, Spiderman was publicly executed, the Avengers Project was shut down along with S.H.E.I.L.D and S.W.O.R.D., Thor returned to Asgard, Bruce Banner captured, Captain America frozen again, and Tony Stark has been put in jail for being a traitor to humankind.

Most mutants live in fear now, they know that if they'd show of their powers, they'd get killed by the various soldiers roaming the streets. There are several groups of mutants whom are working against the government, some have given up hope, and some are still trying to come to a settling with the humans.

The X-men are destroyed. The institue has been laid in ruins, and the professor was executed. The team was either captured or killed, only a few of them survived. The few of them that actually did survive? They're still trying to win this war...I'm still fighting the good fight, though we'd need a miracle to win.

- R?my Etienne LeBeau

Summary:
With pretty much every majorly recognized Superhero, Superhero groups, and their government support gone, mutants needed a haven. Just until something gave. So, their new home? Vegas. The United Offensive knew they couldn't continue an open war after seeing most mutants grew submissive - So they employed special teams. Mutant Hunting Squads were tasked with hunting down mutants outside of Vegas in a discreet manner. These mutants were cured, tested on, interrogated, killed, or even worse: Brainwashed and employed on The Mutant Extermination Squads. The MES were tasked with hunting down and killing mutants. What made a mutant their target?

Maybe that particular mutant was a sort of authority figure to mutants. Killed to instill fear and break spirits.

Or maybe their target has been evading the MHS for too long.

There are a number of reasons. But where do you come in? Located in Vegas lies the new X-Men team. They're often called 'The Resistance'. They protect Vegas, lead rescue missions, and do the best they can to help others survive.

-Maybe you've been in Vegas a while and you think its time for you to help out.

-Maybe you're on your way to Vegas and the MHS are on your tail.

-Maybe you're already with The Resistance.

Whatever the case, jump into the story and try to survive!

Note: This isn't just action. Strike up friendships and romances. Roam Vegas and live life. But when duty calls...We must answer!

~***~

{|Character Sheet Application Template|}

Full Name - Obvious
Nicknames - Again: Obvious
Mutant Alias/Code Name - What do they go by?
Age - 9-25
Gender - Male/Female/Hermaphrodite
Appearance - What do they look like (include a picture if you want)[/list]
Personality - Describe them
Mutation - Detailed description! (If Human, leave blank)
Skills - From domestic to combat related
Items- Weapons, tools, gadgets and gizmos, and items of sentimental value[/list]
History - Self explanatory, no?

~***~

Rules

NO canon characters. - All Original Characters.

TRY to refrain from canon offspring. - If you make one, it'll more than likely be rejected.

Mutants or Humans only. - No Asgardians, Aliens, or person with powers by any means other than the X-Gene.

Sorry, but no bad guys. Yet. For now, they'll be NPCs.

Don't overpower your character. - No Supermans. Its unattractive.

Respect fellow players when speaking Out of Character.

You may slightly control a canon character. (Use to get things with your character done) But complete control power resides with the GM and Co-GM(s). The canons are meant to push the story further - If you don't know where the story's going, don't try to push it in your desired direction.

Don't post Out of Character comments on the IC thread. PERIOD.

PLEASE don't mix. - Character actions/thoughts/emotions should NEVER reflect a player's feelings. In other words: Don't emotionally attach yourself.

Please don't speed post - Give everyone a chance to reply to what's going on.

Be active!

Don't autohit unless given permission by corresponding player.

Cinderblock rule is HIGHLY enforced: If you or your character becomes detrimental to the Roleplay or the OoC, you'll be removed by way of Cinderblock/Ban.

There might be adult "situations" but try not to engage in Erotica Roleplay. If you want to RP out a sex scene, take it to a PM.

Detail, spelling, grammar, and puctuation will be your best friend. Food for thought.

~***~

Notable Characters

NPCs

Remy Etienne LeBeau
Age: 32
Mutation: Kinetikinesis

Image
They call this Cajun charmer Gambit. After most of the X-Men fell, he began to train younger ones in secrecy, forming a new X-Men with the new kids and those that were left. He founded 'New Vegas' as a Mutant haven and as the HQ for the new X-Men. Remy can usually be found at Hooters meditating on the roof or below ground in the Lounge, relaxing a bit. He's not allowed in the casinos because everyone knows he cheats. He's a sweet guy and a notorious flirt.

James Logan Howlett
Age: 200+
Mutation: Immortality/Super Regeneration/Adamantium Claws

Image
He's known as The Wolverine to most and he's Remy's second in command. There's a Gym in town where he trains up and coming fighters who want to join the X-Men's frontline team. He's usually found harassing Cataleia or working on a vehicle. He's not a jerk or condescending, but he's not really a chatterbox either.

Henry 'Hank' Phillip McCoy
Age: 41
Mutation: Super Strength/Super Agility/Super Speed/Bestial Appearance

Image
The blue man known as The Beast. He used to be a strong political figure that aided mutants by acting as an ambassador between the humans and mutants. Now, the once-boy-genius spends his time in the hospital complex named for him, aiding the injured - Mentally and physically. If not busy healing, he's studying with Lorna on something very top secret - Not even their interns know what it is, though it is for good reason. He's a sweet and understanding man that many mutants take their problems to, as he graciously helps them as best he can.

Lorna Eileen Dane
Age: 30
Mutation: Ferrokinesis

Image
The daughter of Magneto - It was a surprise to see Polaris join forces with Gambit and his ragtag crew of X-Men after he had decided to take matters into his own hands, but she's not as extreme as her father. She's a bit of a hardass and doesn't seem to take too well to failure or downright weakness. She analyzes every mutant that she gets to know and sorts out their strengths and weaknesses and makes sure that they are trained to be their best. Her time is spent within her labs in the city or in her labs under the Hooters where the X-Men base is located. She's extremelt bright when it comes to She's not really the one that people want to talk to for random conversation.

PCC (Player Controlled Characters)

Cataleia-Inocencia del Rosario
Age: 19
Mutation: Advanced Audiokinesis/Lumokinesis

Image
A young woman of high intellect, she's served with Gambit and his crew for the past nearly three years. Remy and Logan call the shots and maintain the city, allowing her to coordinate missions. So its safe to say that she's their unofficial third in command. While The Raver's sexy charm and sensual build might make you think she's harmless, you should watch out. She tends to get what she wants and is a hell of a lot tougher than her appearance gives away, being a well-accomplished Martial Artist. She's generally very nice and outgoing - Very empathetic. But if she's truly pissed off, she doesn't talk to anyone and would rather dance and sing the anger out of her body. Cliche, but effective.

Rory Chaplin
Age: 19
Mutation: Terrakinesis

Image
Rory is a young man who's unsure of his ability to control his powers and is often scared to use them. He was rescued by Logan and Dr. Cecilia Reyes who was later killed by MES. Rory has only just made it to Vegas where he will begin his new life and hopefully learn to control his gift. He's a compassionate man with a fierce loyalty to those who have the honor of earning it. He will most likely prove to be a good ally in this battle for survival.

Mikhail Zaslavsky
Age: 20
Mutation: Neyaphim/Smoke Generation

Image
A foreigner walking into a land ravaged by war seeking a place to call his home among others like him. He's been scarred by hateful and spiteful humans, degrading him and viewing him as a monster. As a result, Sammael is very shy and hates for people to see what he looks like. He has finally made it to Vegas where he will try to adjust to living life among others of his kind or recluse to himself.

Alana Watchman
Age: 15
Mutation: Energy absorbtion/Energy Conversion

Image
A happy little ball of energy, Upiti has been with the X-Men since Cat and the two have been as thick as theives ever since. Allie may be young, but she's a witty girl who can find a way to slide out of any kind of trouble. Whether its from eating Lorna's Wheat Thins or stealing Cat's clothes. Her parents haven't been seen in years, though she still holds hope that the two are out there somewhere looking for her, too. She's very empathetic and easy to get along with, though she's a teenage rebel. She's a stubborn girl with a good heart.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/RolePlayGateway/~3/dZ9ErzLARKY/viewtopic.php

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Chemistry, Physics and Materials Sciences

EurekAlert! - Chemistry, Physics and Materials SciencesThe premier online source for science news since 1996. A service of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.http://www.eurekalert.org en-usCopyright 2012 by the American Association for the Advancement of ScienceThu, 28 Jun 2012 10:18:03 EDTEurekAlert!EurekAlert! - Chemistry, Physics and Materials Scienceshttp://www.eurekalert.org/images/logo.gifhttp://www.eurekalert.org The premier online source for science news since 1996. A service of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.60webmaster@eurekalert.org (EurekAlert!)Hark! Group demonstrates first heralded single photon source made from silicon(<i>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</i>) In an important step towards more practical quantum information processing, NIST researchers joined with two universities to build the first heralded single photon source made from silicon. This source complements two other recently developed silicon-based technologies needed to build a quantum optical circuit or a secure quantum communication system.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/nios-hgd062812.php Thu, 28 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/nios-hgd062812.phpNovel clay-based coating may point the way to new generation of green flame retardants(<i>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</i>) In searching for better flame retardants for home furnishings -- the largest source of fuel in house fires -- NIST researchers defied the conventional wisdom and literally hit a wall, one made of clay. That turns out to be a good thing.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/nios-ncc062812.php Thu, 28 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/nios-ncc062812.phpFlu immunity is affected by how many viruses actually cause the infection(<i>Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology</i>) Research in the Journal of Leukocyte Biology suggests both the number of viruses in initial flu infection, and the virus type, affects the patient's outcome. Mice infected by high concentrations developed immunity, and generated immune cells in the lungs to fight other strains. Mice with low concentrations developed weaker immunity, did not generate cells in the lungs, and delayed immunity toward other strains. This could help develop novel strategies to fight flu infections.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/foas-fii062812.php Thu, 28 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/foas-fii062812.php2012 Krupp Prize goes to Christian Koos(<i>Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres</i>) This year's Alfried Krupp Prize for Young University Teachers goes to professor Christian Koos of KIT. The board of trustees of the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation unanimously decided in favor of the 34-year-old engineer, who teaches and conducts research into photonic communication technology. Koos won over 65 other young scientists proposed for the prize. The prize is endowed with an amount of 1 million euros.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/haog-2kp062812.php Thu, 28 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/haog-2kp062812.phpGiant raft of data to help us understand disease(<i>University of Copenhagen</i>) Scientists at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research at the University of Copenhagen have used a new method to assemble a massive catalog of data on proteins. This gives them unprecedented insight into a process called protein phosphorylation. The research was recently published in the scientific journal Nature Communications.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/uoc-gro062812.php Thu, 28 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/uoc-gro062812.phpRoyal Astronomical Society and Oxford University Press partnership announced(<i>Oxford University Press</i>) Oxford University Press and the Royal Astronomical Society announced a new publishing partnership today for the Society's highly cited and internationally prestigious journals.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/oup-ras062812.php Thu, 28 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/oup-ras062812.phpRice researchers develop paintable battery(<i>Rice University</i>) Rice University researchers have developed a paint-on lithium-ion battery that can be applied to virtually any surface.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/ru-rrd062612.php Thu, 28 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/ru-rrd062612.phpDramatic change spotted on a faraway planet(<i>ESA/Hubble Information Centre</i>) Astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have seen dramatic changes in the upper atmosphere of a faraway planet. Just after a violent flare on its parent star bathed it in intense X-ray radiation, the planet's atmosphere gave off a powerful burst of evaporation. The observations give a tantalizing glimpse of the changing climates and weather on planets outside our solar system.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/eic-dcs062612.php Thu, 28 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/eic-dcs062612.phpSensitive test helps improve vaccine safety(<i>Arizona State University</i>) Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causative agent of typhoid fever, a serious health threat resulting in some 22 million new cases yearly and approximately 217,000 fatalities. Karen Brenneman and her colleagues at Arizona State University's Biodesign Institute have been examining ways to detect the presence of S. Typhi in stool following inoculation with various vaccine strains.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/asu-sth062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/asu-sth062712.phpProbing the roots of depression by tracking serotonin regulation at a new level(<i>Vanderbilt University</i>) An interdisciplinary team of scientists have successfully tagged a protein that regulates the neurotransmitter serotonin with tiny fluorescent beads, allowing them to track the movements of individual molecules for the first time. This capability makes it possible to study the manner in which serotonin regulates mood, appetite and sleep at a new level of detail.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/vu-ptr062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/vu-ptr062712.phpSpace tornadoes power the atmosphere of the Sun(<i>University of Sheffield</i>) Mathematicians at the University of Sheffield, as part of an international team, have discovered tornadoes in space which could hold the key to power the atmosphere of the Sun to millions of kelvin.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/uos-stp062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/uos-stp062712.phpBuilding a better Rift Valley fever vaccine(<i>University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston</i>) Researchers have significantly improved an existing experimental vaccine for Rift Valley fever virus, making possible the development of a more effective defense against the dangerous mosquito-borne pathogen.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/uotm-bab062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/uotm-bab062712.phpOligonucleotide Delivery: Biology, Engineering and Development Conference(<i>Engineering Conferences International</i>) Oligonucleotide technologies, such as siRNA, tap into endogenous, highly conserved and specific catalytic mechanisms to efficiently regulate gene expression. As such, they have the potential to enable the development of novel therapeutic options for disease targets previously considered un-druggable by conventional small molecule and biologics means. However, despite the promise, clinical development has been hindered by the challenges encountered by identifying and developing safe and efficacious delivery formulations.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/eci-od062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/eci-od062712.phpAgriLife Research study estimates costs of mesquite biomass delivery for bioenergy use(<i>Texas A&M AgriLife Communications</i>) Operating on the thought that, if it is not feasible, it's not going to be done, a group of Texas AgriLife Research scientists is studying the costs of getting potential bioenergy sources such as mesquite to the processed stage.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/taac-ars062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/taac-ars062712.phpThey were what they ate(<i>Johns Hopkins University</i>) You are what you eat, and that seems to have been true even 2 million years ago, when a group of pre-human relatives was swinging through the trees and racing across the savannas of South Africa.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/jhu-tww062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/jhu-tww062712.phpUS research vessel winds down visit to Vietnam as part of joint oceanographic research program(<i>Office of Naval Research</i>) U.S. scientists and Vietnamese researchers will discuss coastal ocean circulation and land-ocean environmental trends this week as the R/V Roger Revelle, an auxiliary general purpose oceanographic research vessel, continues its nine-day port call in the city of Da Nang. Owned by the Office of Naval Research and operated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the vessel arrived in Vietnam June 22. Its visit highlights partnership between ONR and the Vietnamese Ministry of Science and Technology.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/oonr-urv062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/oonr-urv062712.phpSynthetic diamond steps closer to next generation of high performance electrochemical applications(<i>Element Six</i>) Element Six, the world leader in synthetic diamond supermaterials, and academic researchers from the University of Warwick's Departments of Chemistry and Physics, have demonstrated the key factors that determine the electrochemical properties of metal-like boron-doped synthetic diamond. The research shows that boron-doped synthetic diamond has outstanding electrochemical properties while retaining the full strength and durability of its chemical structure. This research opens the possibility of exploiting synthetic diamond's electrochemical technologies in a wide range of applications.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/es-sds062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/es-sds062712.phpHarnessing the Materials Genome Conference(<i>Engineering Conferences International</i>) This conference will bring scientists and engineers together to discuss the state-of-the-art development on all three fronts of the Materials Innovation Infrastructure. The conference will be entirely focused on the technical side of these tools and their integration for accelerated materials design.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/eci-htm062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/eci-htm062712.phpPalladium-gold nanoparticles clean TCE a billion times faster than iron filings(<i>Rice University</i>) In the first side-by-side tests of a half-dozen palladium- and iron-based catalysts for cleaning up the carcinogen TCE, Rice University scientists have found that palladium destroys TCE far faster than iron -- up to a billion times faster in some cases.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/ru-pnc062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/ru-pnc062712.phpNonstoichiometric Compounds V - An ECI Conference Series(<i>Engineering Conferences International</i>) This conference will cover all aspects of nonstoichiometry in inorganic compounds. Topics will span from fundamental theory to advanced characterization and device demonstrations at both the macro- and nano-scale.The conference will last four and a half days and each half day session will consist of two keynote talks, followed by shorter presentations on current research topics germane to the keynote talks. There will also be two poster sessions.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/eci-ncv062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/eci-ncv062712.phpThe physics of going viral(<i>California Institute of Technology</i>) Researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have been able, for the first time, to watch viruses infecting individual bacteria by transferring their DNA, and to measure the rate at which that transfer occurs. Shedding light on the early stages of infection by this type of virus -- a bacteriophage -- the scientists have determined that it is the cells targeted for infection, rather than the amount of genetic material within the viruses themselves, that dictate how quickly the bacteriophage's DNA is transferred.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/ciot-tpo062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/ciot-tpo062712.phpUCSB scientists compile first study of potential for tsunamis in northwestern California(<i>University of California - Santa Barbara</i>) Using studies that span the last three decades, scientists at UC Santa Barbara have compiled the first evidence-based comprehensive study of the potential for tsunamis in Northwestern California. The paper, "Paleoseismicity of the Southern End of the Cascadia Subduction Zone, Northwestern California," was co-written by professors Edward Keller and Alexander Simms from UCSB's Department of Earth Science, and published in a recent issue of the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/uoc--usc062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/uoc--usc062712.phpRare Earth Minerals/Metals - Sustainable Technologies for the Future Conference(<i>Engineering Conferences International</i>) The conference will address the multi-disciplinary nature of REE processing and will attempt to bring together those who have expertise in specific aspects of REE mineralogy, physical and physicochemical separation, digestion, extraction, interfacial and bulk diffusion, novel chemical/reagents, waste water treatment/recycling and other technologies related to REE purification and extraction.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/eci-rem062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/eci-rem062712.phpORNL/UTK team maps the nuclear landscape(<i>DOE/Oak Ridge National Laboratory</i>) An Oak Ridge National Laboratory and University of Tennessee team has used the Department of Energy's Jaguar supercomputer to calculate the number of isotopes allowed by the laws of physics.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/drnl-otm062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/drnl-otm062712.phpLawrence Livermore researcher delve into airborne particulates(<i>DOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</i>) For the first time, Lawrence Livermore researchers and international collaborators have peered into the makeup of complex airborne particulate matter so small that it can be transported into human lungs -- usually without a trace.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/dlnl-llr062712.php Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 EDThttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-06/dlnl-llr062712.php

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Church and Society News ? June 2012 | The Church of Scotland in ...

The June 2012 edition of the Church of Scotland?s Church and Society Council newsletter has a look back at the report the Council presented to the kirk?s General Assembly in May. Church members were reminded that the Council has spoken out in their name on a large number of issues, ranging from climate change to bio-ethics, sustainable food supplies to sectarianism, nuclear disarmament to human trafficking, homelessness and poverty to the need for a just and lasting peace for Israel and Palestine. The report can be downloaded from the Church of Scotland website (links are provided in the newsletter).
In addition to reporting on the General Assembly the newsletter reports that the Presbyteries of Hamilton and Lanark have come together with other faith communities in the region to tackle the stigma and discrimination of mental ill-health. There is news of a series of discussion leaflets on the topic ?Food is a Gift from God? available from the Council, and a series of poems written by pupils at Parkhill Secondary School in Glasgow to challenge the issue of sectarianism. The school encourages congregations and individuals to use these to reflect on problems and solutions surrounding this issue.
Read the newsletter at Church and Society News ? June 2012

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Small business Networking and Advertising and marketing Ups and ...

The last couple of days happen to be gorgeous, the weather near excellent and some of us are suffering from spring fever whilst others are just having difficulties together with the pollen amounts. This time of your yr jogs my memory that summer season is coming and issues are about to sluggish down -in networking. I?d prefer to consider only a second and discuss this development and what I believe may be the lead to of it.

Let us begin inside the drop. At this time from the yr we?re operating feverishly attempting to procure new business enterprise since we understand that about the vacations points will sluggish down. As December attracts near, a few of us come to be preoccupied with points like parties and shopping and our consideration turns from making our enterprise. Other people discover it increasingly tricky to make get in touch with as individuals begin extended holidays.

Then the holidays move. We place our advertising and networking efforts into substantial gear, going to a number of meetings a week, trying to get factors cranked up once again. The outcome is elevated small business and elevated profits. Have you ever noticed that within the earlier portion of February that items begin to pick up practically at a maddening pace? When this occurs, unless of course we are prepared for development, we start out to back off on our promotions as we scramble to total the perform that has been produced by our advertising attempts.

In effect, we quit networking. We lose contact with those we have been making and requesting referrals, and so they begin to really feel just as if we?re not interested in them any longer. When this occurs, they may possibly appear for someone else to refer when that target prospect will come alongside.

By early to mid summer time, we?re beginning to crawl out from below the workload and we once more look for opportunities. Unfortunately, the vacations have started again as kids are launched from school for the summer time. Thus it?s very hard once once again to locate the contacts that were out there just just before our enterprise picked up once more late final winter season.

By mid August, school is back in session and people are coming again out in to the networking world once more. Not surprisingly we?re viewing a few of the identical folks that were there before, but you can find also plenty of new faces at the same time. Due to the fact we experienced slacked off from our advertising attempts, we were not there to greet the new faces as they started out their new business enterprise. So the folks who have a well balanced networking and promoting method are there to greet them.

They are the people who have businesses that appear to become expanding. They?ve an advertising and marketing and networking strategy that?s consistent yr round. When numerous companies are encountering that new organization rush inside the spring, these enterprise owners are able to soak up the new business enterprise with new staff or short-term support. They comprehend that to keep development indicates to be prepared for any upswing in the economic climate that may propel their organization to the next degree.

So how can we achieve this? 1st program for development. Have a program ready for whenever you have more enterprise than you?ll be able to manage so that there is assist you to can get in touch with. This really is managed by building relationships with temp companies, headhunters, and placement firms. Hire individuals on a contractor foundation if vital. This protects revenue on positive aspects and salaries when issue are a little slower. In addition, it minimizes the quantity of paperwork in relation to payroll processing and taxes.

Subsequent, create a program for networking that is certainly manageable. Set an aim for your amount of conferences that you just would attend when small business is simply Ok and stick to it when small business will get superior. Go to features year round, even for the duration of the vacation seasons.

Program holidays when important, but don?t suppose that absolutely everyone is happening vacation simply due to the fact it is actually summer time. Many people have to accommodate the schedules of other people and complete companies typically do not go on trip simultaneously. Discover that larger companies normally have employees available to complete enterprise while an employee is on vacation. Also take be aware that significant firms tend not to quit advertising simply because it is the month of July or December. They are consistent yr spherical.

The lesson right here is that, if you want to grow into a sizable company, take a look at what huge firms do. Emulate them if they are effective and you could possibly be capable of duplicate their good results. It?s essential to be continuously advertising and marketing, networking and promoting to make sure consistent organization year round. If you determine to slack off now because organization is great, I assure that when autumn will come you may be operating twice as difficult to obtain items likely again. If, on the other hand, you preserve on regularly advertising the way you probably did when instances had been sluggish, you need to be able to experience the growth of both your business and your financial institution account during the entire year.

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Thursday, June 28, 2012

Not-so-precious: Stripping gold from AFM probes allows better measurement of picoscale forces

Not-so-precious: Stripping gold from AFM probes allows better measurement of picoscale forces [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 28-Jun-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Laura Ost
laura.ost@nist.gov
303-497-4880
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Gold is not necessarily preciousat least not as a coating on atomic force microscope (AFM) probes.

JILA researchers found that removing an AFM probe's gold coatinguntil now considered helpfulgreatly improved force measurements performed in a liquid, the medium favored for biophysical studies such as stretching DNA or unfolding proteins. As described in Nano Letters,* stripping the gold from the diving-board-shaped probe, or cantilever, with a brief chemical bath improved the precision and stability of force measurements about 10-fold. The advance is expected to quickly and broadly benefit the fields of biophysics and nanoscience.

JILA is a joint institute of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado Boulder.

"What I find interesting about this experiment is it's so incredibly simple. It takes a minute to strip the gold off a commercial cantilever and you get a 10-fold improvement in force precision," says NIST/JILA physicist Thomas Perkins.

To measure forces at the molecular scale, an AFM's cantilever attaches to a molecule with its pointed end and pulls; the resulting deflection of the cantilever is measured. The forces are in the realm of piconewtons (pN), or trillionths of a newton. A unit of force, one newton is roughly the weight of a small apple.

Cantilevers are typically made of silicon or silicon nitride and coated with gold on both sides to reflect light. Perkins discovered the gold coating was a problem while his research group was probing the folding and unfolding of protein molecules over time periods of seconds to minutes. The group previously improved AFM position stability** and holds a related patent,*** but then discovered that the force was drifting. "It's counterintuitive," says Perkins. "Everyone has assumed you needed gold for the enhanced reflectivity, when in fact, gold is clearly the dominant source of force drift on short and long time scales."

"Gold exhibits a sort of complex elastic property in high-precision measurements," Perkins explains. "When you bend gold, it creeps a little bit, like silly putty. Further, the lore in the field is that gold can crack, it can age, and molecules can bind to itall of which may change its mechanical properties. This problem is even worse when you do biological experiments in liquid."

AFM force measurements in liquid typically have had precision (error range) of plus or minus 5 to 10 pN. By stripping the gold JILA researchers reduced the error by 10 times, to about 0.5 pN for measurements on both short and long timescales. Researchers can now precisely measure fast processes, such as proteins folding and unfolding 50 times per second, over long time periods of several minutes. Significantly, the results were achieved with commercially available microscopes and cantilevers, so the practical benefits can be applied quickly for any AFM force measurements and imaging. AFM can now compete with optical traps and magnetic tweezers in terms of sensitivity.

###

The research was supported by the National Science Foundation and NIST.

* A.B. Churnside, R.M.A. Sullan, D.M. Nguyen, S.O. Case, M.S. Bull, G.M. King and T.T. Perkins. Routine and timely sub-piconewton force stability and precision for biological applications of atomic force microscopy. Nano Letters. Published online June 13.
** See the Mar. 24, 2009, NIST Tech Beat article, "Making a Point: Picoscale Stability in a Room-Temperature AFM" at www.nist.gov/public_affairs/tech-beat/tb20090324.cfm#afm.
*** U.S. Patent 7,928,409, April 19, 2011, Real-time, active picometer-scale alignment, stabilization and registration in one or more dimensions, T.T. Perkins, G.M. King and A.R. Carter.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Not-so-precious: Stripping gold from AFM probes allows better measurement of picoscale forces [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 28-Jun-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Laura Ost
laura.ost@nist.gov
303-497-4880
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Gold is not necessarily preciousat least not as a coating on atomic force microscope (AFM) probes.

JILA researchers found that removing an AFM probe's gold coatinguntil now considered helpfulgreatly improved force measurements performed in a liquid, the medium favored for biophysical studies such as stretching DNA or unfolding proteins. As described in Nano Letters,* stripping the gold from the diving-board-shaped probe, or cantilever, with a brief chemical bath improved the precision and stability of force measurements about 10-fold. The advance is expected to quickly and broadly benefit the fields of biophysics and nanoscience.

JILA is a joint institute of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado Boulder.

"What I find interesting about this experiment is it's so incredibly simple. It takes a minute to strip the gold off a commercial cantilever and you get a 10-fold improvement in force precision," says NIST/JILA physicist Thomas Perkins.

To measure forces at the molecular scale, an AFM's cantilever attaches to a molecule with its pointed end and pulls; the resulting deflection of the cantilever is measured. The forces are in the realm of piconewtons (pN), or trillionths of a newton. A unit of force, one newton is roughly the weight of a small apple.

Cantilevers are typically made of silicon or silicon nitride and coated with gold on both sides to reflect light. Perkins discovered the gold coating was a problem while his research group was probing the folding and unfolding of protein molecules over time periods of seconds to minutes. The group previously improved AFM position stability** and holds a related patent,*** but then discovered that the force was drifting. "It's counterintuitive," says Perkins. "Everyone has assumed you needed gold for the enhanced reflectivity, when in fact, gold is clearly the dominant source of force drift on short and long time scales."

"Gold exhibits a sort of complex elastic property in high-precision measurements," Perkins explains. "When you bend gold, it creeps a little bit, like silly putty. Further, the lore in the field is that gold can crack, it can age, and molecules can bind to itall of which may change its mechanical properties. This problem is even worse when you do biological experiments in liquid."

AFM force measurements in liquid typically have had precision (error range) of plus or minus 5 to 10 pN. By stripping the gold JILA researchers reduced the error by 10 times, to about 0.5 pN for measurements on both short and long timescales. Researchers can now precisely measure fast processes, such as proteins folding and unfolding 50 times per second, over long time periods of several minutes. Significantly, the results were achieved with commercially available microscopes and cantilevers, so the practical benefits can be applied quickly for any AFM force measurements and imaging. AFM can now compete with optical traps and magnetic tweezers in terms of sensitivity.

###

The research was supported by the National Science Foundation and NIST.

* A.B. Churnside, R.M.A. Sullan, D.M. Nguyen, S.O. Case, M.S. Bull, G.M. King and T.T. Perkins. Routine and timely sub-piconewton force stability and precision for biological applications of atomic force microscopy. Nano Letters. Published online June 13.
** See the Mar. 24, 2009, NIST Tech Beat article, "Making a Point: Picoscale Stability in a Room-Temperature AFM" at www.nist.gov/public_affairs/tech-beat/tb20090324.cfm#afm.
*** U.S. Patent 7,928,409, April 19, 2011, Real-time, active picometer-scale alignment, stabilization and registration in one or more dimensions, T.T. Perkins, G.M. King and A.R. Carter.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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